Which of the following is an example of a non-modifiable risk factor?

• A. Age
• B. Smoking
• C. Physical inactivity
• D. Overeating

Answer: (A)

Non-modifiable risk factors are those we can’t change through our actions. Age is a classic example because you can’t alter how old you are, and for many health conditions the risk naturally increases as people get older due to tissue changes, longer exposure to risk factors, and the progression of aging processes. The other options reflect factors that can be changed to lower risk: smoking can be quit, physical activity can be increased, and overeating can be addressed through diet and weight management. Recognizing age as non-modifiable helps clinicians emphasize appropriate screening and preventive care for different life stages, while focusing on modifying the other factors provides concrete ways to reduce risk.